Good Calories, Bad Calories

Attempts to justify recommendations: Select Committee 1977b (“some witnesses…,” “After further review…,” xxxiii; “important questions…,” and “Does lowering…,” xxxvii).

“strong, forceful, competent”: Burros 1977. “people were getting…” and “Tell us…”: Interview, Carol Foreman.

NAS/USDA contract and Leveille’s speech: Broad 1979a. Handler and Fredrickson responses: Interview, Carol Foreman.

Forman hired Hegsted: Interviews, Mark Hegsted and Carol Foreman.

Report by a committee: Task Force Sponsored by the American Society for Clinical Nutrition 1979. “not to draw…,” “full range…,” and “considerable”: Ahrens 1979b. “…clear majority…” and production of Dietary Guidelines: Interview, Mark Hegsted. (McGinnis did not respond to repeated requests for interviews.) Footnote. Glueck 1979:2642.

“Avoid Too Much…”: USDA and USDHEW 1980.

Toward Healthful Diets: Food and Nutrition Board NRC 1980. “excoriated in the press”: Interview, David Kritchevsky. The first criticisms: Altman 1980; Brody 1980. “…in the pocket…”: Interview, Jane Brody. See also Wade 1980. Details of industry connections: Broad 1980; Handler 1980. Leaked to the press: Risser 1980; interviews, Carol Foreman and James Risser. “embraced a low-fat diet…”: Baum 1995.

House subcommittee hearings: Wade 1980.

Handler testified: Handler 1980.

Nutritionists in academia: Levenstein 1993 (work closely, 134–35; “unholy alliance,” 188).

Olson explained: Anon. 1980.

“To be a dissenter…”: Mann 1977. “…as big a pusher…”: Interview, David Kritchevsky.

Jacobson’s exposé: Rosenthal et al. 1976. “The important question…”: Stare 1987. Stamler’s funding from manufacturers: Blakeslee and Stamler 1966:x.

Funded by Frito-Lay: Interview, Mark Hegsted.

Honolulu study: Yano et al. 1978. In Framingham and Puerto Rico: Gordon et al. 1981.

“reconciling [their] study findings…”: Gordon et al. 1981.

Stamler’s Chicago studies: Dyer et al. 1981. Dayton and others: Pearce and Dayton 1971. Swiss Red Cross: Nydegger and Butler 1970. Six ongoing studies: Rose et al. 1974. British, Hungarian, and Czech: Anon. 1978. Study after study: Beaglehole et al. 1980; Kark et al. 1980; Garcia-Palmieri et al. 1981; Miller et al. 1981; Stemmermann et al. 1981; Kozarevic et al. 1981. Framingham Study: Williams et al. 1981. “surprise and chagrin”: Kolata 1981. Footnote. McGee et al. 1985.

Norwegian study: Westlund and Nicolayson 1972. First NHLBI workshop: Feinleib 1981. Second workshop: Feinleib 1982. Levy’s comments: Kolata 1981.

Third workshop: Feinleib 1983. “the perplexing inconsistencies” and “not preclude…”: Feinleib 1983.

“throw the kitchen sink”: Interview, Stephen Hully. Details of MRFIT: MRFIT Research Group 1982.

$115 million: Kolata 1982.

“…Test Collapses”: Bishop 1982. Slightly more deaths: MRFIT Research Group 1982. Footnote. Shaten et al. 1997.

Details of LRC Trial: LRC Program 1979.

Results of the LRC trial: LRC Program 1984a; LRC Program 1984b. “conclusive…”: Quoted in Moore 1989:68 (see endnote 278).

“could and should…”: Consensus Conference 1985. “It is now indisputable…”: Anon. 1984a.

“unwarranted, unscientific…”: Quoted in Wallis 1984. “unconscionable…”: Quoted in Kolata 1985.

Rifkind later explained: Interview, Basil Rifkind.

“a massive health campaign”: Levy’s testimony in Select Committee 1977d:19. “Sorry, It’s True…”: Anon 1984a. Time follow-up story, including Gotto’s quote: Wallis 1984.

December consensus conference: Anon. 1984b; Ahrens 1985; Oliver 1985; interviews, Pete Ahrens, David Kritchevsky, Robert Olson, Basil Rifkind, and Daniel Steinberg. “Many people…”: Quoted in Kolata 1985.

“were selected to include…”: Oliver 1985. “no doubt…”: Consensus Conference 1985. “you wouldn’t have…”: Interview, Daniel Steinberg.

CHAPTER FOUR:

THE GREATER GOOD

Epigraph. “In reality…”: Arthus 1943:15.

NCEP 1987 guidelines: Anon. 1988. “The edict…”: Thompson and Squires 1987. Nutrition and Health: USDHHS 1988 (two-thirds of 2. 1 million deaths, 4). “exhorts Americans…”: Toufexis 1988. “disproportionate consumption…”: Koop 1988:iii. “The depth…”: Koop 1988: iii–iv. Diet and Health: NRC 1989 (“Highest priority,” 13).

Writers of the surgeon general’s report: Interviews, Marion Nestle, managing editor of the report, and Nancy Ernst of NHLBI. Writers of the Diet and Health chapters: Interviews, Susma Palmer, program director at the NRC, and Henry Blackburn. Footnote. Interview, Henry McGill.

Jacobson scolding the authors: Sugarman 1989 (includes Motulsky quote); Burros 1989.

Hungarian study: Korányi 1963. British study: Research Committee 1965.

“…some indication…”: Ernst and Levy 1984. A new generation: See, for instance, Rovner 1988.

Cholesterol and sudden cardiac death: Kannel and Thomas 1982; Dawber 1980 (“The lack of association…,” 131). 63 Stamler’s MRFIT reanalysis: Stamler et al. 1986. Chart. Martin et al. 1986.

Whether we would live longer: Ibid. Chart. Ibid.