Good Calories, Bad Calories

“fisherfolk” study: Mitchell 1930. “It would thus appear…”: Himsworth 1935.

In the 1946 and 1959 editions: Joslin et al. 1946:75–76; Joslin et al. 1959:70–71. Joslin’s Diabetes Mellitus: Marble et al. 1971.

“Though the consumption of fat…”: Himsworth 1949b.

Cohen reported: Cohen 1963. “a significantly greater prevalence”: Cohen et al. 1961.

“The quantity of sugar…”: Ibid.

Prior studied Maoris: Prior et al. 1964.

Campbell’s research: Campbell’s testimony in Select Committee 1973a:208–18.

“remarkable difference…” and “country cousins”: Ibid.

Campbell’s surveys of Natal population: Campbell 1963; Cleave and Campbell 1966 (“veritable explosion…,” 25; numbers in India, 19–24; diabetes among Zulu, 34–35).

“a figure in many countries…” and “were enormously fat…”: Campbell in Select Committee 1973a:213.

Zulus eating excessive amounts of sugar: Campbell 1963.

Campbell’s research on sugarcane cutters: Truswell et al. 1971. “diabetes is virtually absent,” “huge output…,” and “…few occupations…”: Cleave and Campbell 1966:35. Later generations of diabetologists: Interview, Ron Arky.

“remarkably constant period…”: Campbell 1963. See also Cleave and Campbell 1966:46–49.

“acute excess”: White and Joslin 1959:70. Footnote. Joslin et al. 1946:76.

“related to sugar”: Cleave and Campbell 1966: iv.

“His ideas deserved…”: Quoted in Galton 1976:17.

Cleave was an outsider: See Wellcome Library n.d.

H. L. Cleave spent the war years: Galton 1976:15; Cleave 1962:68–70.

Cleave’s intuition: Cleave and Campbell 1966:6–13.

Cavities like the canary: Ibid.:11–12.

Diabetics prone to heart disease: Joslin 1927; Wahlberg and Thomasson 1968. Diabetes, gallstones, and obesity: Joslin 1927. “The destruction of teeth…”: Joslin et al. 1946:532. See also Shlossman et al. 1990.

“The Law of Adaptation…”: Cleave and Campbell 1966:1. “Whereas cooking…”: Quoted in Galton 1976:8.

“eating of a small…” and “A person can take down…”: Cleave 1975:8.

Peptic ulcers and lack of protein: Cleave and Campbell 1966:85–88.

“Assume that what strains…”: Ibid.:18.

“insufficient appreciation…” and “While the consumption…”: Ibid.:iii.

Cleave contested Joslin’s belief: Cleave 1956. “what was the opposite…”: Cleave and Campbell 1966:16.

Saturated fat increases: Friend et al. 1979.

Increase in sugar consumption: Cummings 1940:236. Chart. Cleaveland Campbell 1966: 16.

NAS authors did not differentiate: NRC 1989:273–90.

Keys on the 1950s Japanese: Keys, Kimura, et al. 1958. Sugar consumption in Japan: Insull et al. 1968. In the United States: Cummings 1940:236. In the U.K.: Aykroyd 1967:105.

Our understanding of the Mediterranean diet: See Willett et al. 1995. The Seven Countries Study on Crete: Kafatos et al. 1997. The Rockefeller study: Allbaugh 1953 (sugar and flour, 18 and table a.51).

Similar studies in China: See, for instance, You et al. 2000; Chen et al. 1990. Doll and Armstrong’s analysis: Armstrong and Doll 1975. “The degree to which…”: World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research 1997:379.

“they wouldn’t have a sweet tooth…”: Cleave’s testimony in Select Committee 1973a:248.

Yudkin’s nutrition department first in Europe: Galton 1976:99. This Slimming Business: Yudkin 1958.

“remarkable relationship”: Keys and Anderson 1955:189. Yudkin took Keys to task: Yudkin 1957. Yudkin distanced himself from Cleave: Yudkin testimony in Select Committee 1973a:225. Joslin on diabetics and triglycerides: Joslin 1927. Yudkin’s sugar studies: Akinyanju et al. 1968; Yudkin et al. 1969; Szanto and Yudkin 1969.

“Although there is…”: Masironi 1970.

Keys went after Yudkin: Keys 1971. The Seven Countries Study on sugar: Keys 1980:252–53.

Truswell on fat, sugar, and onions: Truswell 1977.

“Yudkin was so discredited…”: Interview, Sheldon Reiser.

CHAPTER SEVEN:

FIBER

Epigraph. “The thing is…”: Quoted in Sabbagh 2002:130.

Background on the hearings: Interview, Kenneth Schlossberg, then staff director of McGovern’s committee.

Committee hearings on sugar, diabetes, and heart disease: Select Committee 1973a.

“The only question…”: Ibid.:256.

“…die at a very early age”: Ibid.:155.

“direct relationship”: Ibid.:202. “…For a modern disease…”: Ibid.:246.

Yudkin and McGovern dialogue: Ibid.:228–29.

“If men define…”: Thomas and Thomas 1929.

Burkitt’s life story: Galton 1976; Kellock 1985 (ten-thousand-mile trek, 59–65). “one of the world’s…”: Auerbach 1974.

Doll told Burkitt about Cleave: Galton 1976:6. “perceptive genius…”: Burkitt 1979b:12. “What he was saying…”: Burkitt 1991b. Burkitt tours U.S. hospitals: Burkitt 1970.

Burkitt testing Cleave’s theory: Burkitt 1991b (“I was able to ask…”). Burkitt 1991a (“anecdotal multiplied…,” “written off…” and “Now, just because…”).

“These ‘western’ diseases…”: Burkitt 1971.

1920 article: Rendle Short 1920.

Appendicitis in Africa and elsewhere: Burkitt 1971 (“very rare in Africa”). See also Burkitt 1969.

Burkitt focused on constipation: Kellock 1985 (“normal bowel constituents,” 182).