Good Calories, Bad Calories

“A major lesson…”: Keys 1975.

“The pooled effects suggest…”: Ebrahim et al. 2006.

Evidence indeed suggested: Malmros 1950; Schornagel 1953; Vartiainen and Kanerva 1947.

PART TWO: THE CARBOHYDRATE HYPOTHESIS

Epigraph. “The world…”: Furnas and Furnas 1937: 62–63.

CHAPTER FIVE:

DISEASES OF CIVILIZATION

Epigraph. “The potato…”: Sai 1967.

Schweitzer in Lambaréné: Schweitzer 1998:136–39.

Appendicitis, “On my arrival in Gabon…”: Schweitzer 1957.

Hutton’s experience: Hutton n.d. (“The Eskimo…,” 9; “tea, bread…,” 36; “The most striking…,” 35; “living on a ‘settler’ dietary,” 37; “…puny and feeble,” 21–22).

WHO on “nutrition transition”: WHO 2003.

Keys on isolated populations: Keys in Blix 1964:54–55. Few likely to live long enough: Keys 1975.

“nasty, brutish, and short”: Hobbes 1997:100.

Diseases of civilization: Trowell and Burkitt 1981b. 91 Tanchou’s observations: Quoted in Barker 1924:50–51.

“natives mingled…”: Hollander 1923. “dietetic and other…”: Blair 1923. Fouché reported: Fouché 1923.

Hrdlika described: Hrdlika 1908:187–91.

Native Americans lived longer: Ibid.:39–41.

Levin’s survey: Levin 1910.

The question of cancer: Hoffman 1915; Williams 1908:12–49, 50–78 (Fiji and Borneo, 42; New York and Philadelphia, 76).

Cancer and Diet: Hoffman 1937. “at a more or less alarming…”: Hoffmann 1915:30–33.

“Among some 63,000…”: Hoffman 1915:151.

“…no known reasons…”: Ibid.:147.

“It is commonly stated…”: Brown et al. 1952. See also Fog-Pulson 1949. Canadian physicians: Schaefer et al. 1975. The most comprehensive discussion of cancer in the Inuit is Stefansson 1960a.

“In a series of one hundred…”: Orenstein 1923. “It ran an uninterrupted course…”: Prentice 1923.

“to whom the fleshpot…”: Anon. 1899. Cancer absent in carnivorous populations: Williams 1908:44–45. “hardly holds good…”: Levin 1910.

“demanding conservation…”: Hoffman 1937:118.

“far-reaching changes”: Ibid.

Flour, sugar, and appendicitis: Rendle Short 1920. For an intelligent, early discussion of diseases of civilization, see Rabagliati 1897.

White flour had its proponents: For a good review of the refining of cereal grains, see Davidson and Passmore 1963:262–82 (“more attractive to the eye,” 265; “less liable than…,” 267).

Sugar consumption skyrocketed: Friend et al. 1979. The English were already eating: Aykroyd 1967:105. Asian nations: Davidson and Passmore 1963:275.

Darwin tells: Darwin 1989:291. “acquired a fondness…”: Murdoch 1892. Primary items of trade: Mountford 1960:14–16. Footnotes. In Across Australia: Spencer and Gillen 1912:230. “consisted of white flour…”: Ibid.

“The true staff…”: Quoted in Le Fanu 1987:52. “One great curse…”: Quoted in Kellock 1985:128. Lane’s hypothesis: Lane 1929.

Era of nutritional research: For a review of the early vitamin research, see McCollum 1957:201–318. Cancer as a deficiency disease: Barker 1924.

“…use of vitamin-poor white flour…”: McCarrison 1961:64. McCarrison’s 1921 lecture: McCarrison 1922.

McCarrison’s research and observations: McCarrison 1961:23–26.

Enrichment of white flour in the United States: Levenstein 1993:22. In England: Davidson and Passmore 1963:269–70. “protective foods”: McCarrison 1922.

CHAPTER SIX:

DIABETES AND THE CARBOHYDRATE HYPOTHESIS

Epigraphs. “The consumption of sugar…”: Allen 1913:146–47. “Sugar and candies…”: Duncan 1935:59.

Hindu physicians: Trowell 1975a.

“This ancient belief…”: Allen 1913:147.

The leading authorities: Ibid.:148–49.

“in the absence…”: Ibid.:150.

“If he is a poor laborer…”: Ibid.:152.

Diabetes a disease of civilization, “the rich ones…”: Ibid.:148. Footnote. Donnison 1938:23–24.

British Medical Association symposium: Charles 1907.

Physicians increasingly diagnosed diabetes: Joslin et al. 1935.

At Johns Hopkins and Massachusetts General Hospital: Gale 2002. Death rate from diabetes: Emerson and Larimore 1924 (“It is apparent…”).

“synonymous”: Interview, Ronald Arky, former president of the ADA. Allen’s declining reputation: Bliss 1982:239.

Joslin on apple consumption: Emerson and Larimore 1924. Emerson countered: Ibid.

“A high percentage…” and “must stand in some relation”: Joslin 1923:145. A third factor: Joslin 1927.

“painstakingly accumulated”: White and Joslin 1959:70.

Joslin and Himsworth piggybacked: See White and Joslin 1959:70–71; Himsworth 1935; Joslin et al. 1934; Mills 1930. Joslin on insulin and leveling-off of mortality rates: Joslin et al. 1933. Footnote. Himsworth 1936.

Himsworth on insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes: Himsworth 1936.

“a smaller proportion of carbohydrate…”: Himsworth 1935:142.

“striking,” “The progressive rise…,” and “The diabetic mortality rate…”: Himsworth 1949a.

Himsworth on “…coloured races…”: Himsworth 1935:134–35.

Himsworth on Inuit: Ibid. 122–24. Diabetes among Alaskan Eskimos in 1956: Scott and Griffith 1957. Baffin Island study: Heinbecker 1928.