Good Calories, Bad Calories

The Harvard study: Taylor et al. 1987.

UCSF study: Browner et al. 1991. McGill study: Grover et al. 1994.

“They would have liked…”: Interview, Marion Nestle. “I am sensitive…”: Letter from Browner to McGinnis, Feb 14, 1991. I am grateful to Warren Browner for sharing this correspondence with me.

“…small or negligible…”: NRC 1989:6.

“The mass approach…”: Rose 1981.

“People will not…”: Ibid. “The modern British diet…”: Quoted in Le Fanu 1999:307. Footnote. Interview, William Taylor.

Assumption underpinning mass prevention: Rose 1985 (“would lead us…,” 32; “differences between…,” 34).

Unintended side effects, “unnatural factors,” and “‘biological normality’…”: Rose 1981:1851.

“…no time for significant…”: Scrimshaw and Dietz 1995.

“nuts, fruits…” and “substantial amounts…”: Blakeslee and Stamler 1966: 41–42.

Analysis of hunter-gatherer diets: Eaton and Konner 1985. Low-fat recommendations: NRC 1989:41.

“made a mistake”: Interview, Boyd Eaton. Revised analysis: Cordain et al. 2000 (“would have contributed…,” 690). Paleolithic diets high in protein: Interviews, Loren Cordain, Melvin Konner, John Speth, Craig Stanford. See also Abrams 1987; Harris 1985; Stanford 2001; Stefansson 1946.

Histories of the saccharine controversy: Cummings 1986; Merrill 1981. Footnote. Interview, Melvin Konner.

Motulsky told the Post: Quoted in Sugarman 1989.

“If the public’s diet…”: Ahrens 1979a.

Cited in Dietary Goals: Select Committee 1977a:33–34. NAS report: Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer 1982 (“could be used…,” 15). ACS low-fat diet: American Cancer Society 1984.

When Japanese women immigrate: See testimonies of Ernst Wynder and Gio Gori in Select Committee 1976:164–208. Adding fat to rat diets: Tannenbaum 1942.

Higginson noted: Maugh 1979. “difficult to reconcile”: Williams et al. 1981.

Critical test from the Nurses Health Study: Willett et al. 1987. “a good study…”: AP 1987. NCI researchers published: Jones et al. 1987. “perhaps because no one…”: Marshall 1993b.

Results from eight years of Nurses Health Study: Willett et al. 1992. Fourteen years: Holmes et al. 1999.

Greenwald had responded: Schatzkin et al. 1989.

“indisputable” and “a high-fat, high-calorie…”: Ibid. “supplemented with” polyunsaturates: Rogers and Longnecker 1988.

Kritchevsky published an article: Kritchevsky et al. 1984. Kritchevsky later reported: Klurfeld et al. 1989. Pariza’s similar results: Boissoneault et al. 1986. “If you restrict…”: Interview, Mike Pariza. “overwhelmingly striking…”: Interview, Demetrius Albanes.

Neither “convincing” nor even “probable”: World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research 1997: 252, 261–9. “largely null”: Interview, Arthur Schatzkin.

ACS guidelines: Byers et al. 2002 (“limit consumption…”); Kushi et al. 2006 (“there is little…,” “major contributors…,” “diets high in fat…,” and “may have an effect…”).

Details of the WHI: Ritenbaugh et al. 2003.

WHI results on breast cancer: Prentice et al. 2006. On heart disease and stroke: Howard, Van Horn, et al. 2006. On colon cancer: Beresford et al. 2006. Elizabeth Nabel stated: NHLBI Communication Office. The accompanying JAMA editorials: Buzdar 2006.

WHO press release: WHO 2006. Basis of the early controversy: Marshall 1993a. Footnote. Howard, Manson, et al. 2006.

Bacon would have called: Bacon 1994 (“wishful science,” 59; “stuck fast…” and “…downhill ever since,” 84).

“…no dishonesty involved…” and “pathological science”: Langmuir 1989. “If you throw money…”: Interview, Wolfgang Panofsky.

“Most drugs…”: Interview, Richard Kronmal.

Keys, the changing American diet, and the epidemic: Keys 1953. “no basis”: Keys 1971.

Keys in the 1950s on Japanese men: Keys 1957. The Seven Countries Study: Keys 1980:86; Keys et al. 1994. Japan in the 1990s: Koga et al. 1994 (“…progressive increases…,” “remarkable reduction,” and “It is suggested…”). Average American cholesterol values: National Center for Health Statistics 2006.

Keys dismissing misdiagnosis: Keys 1957. “might have been misled…”: Keys et al. 1984.

“I’ve come to think…”: Boffey 1987.

French-Italian-Spanish and Australian paradoxes: Powles 2001. Footnote. Guberan 1979.

MONICA details and results: Kuulasmaa et al. 2000. “far and away…” and “whatever the results…”: Interview, Hugh Tunstall-Pedoe.

“…classical risk factors…”: Interview, Hugh Tunstall-Pedoe.

Jacobs visited Japan: Interview, David Jacobs. Cholesterol, stroke, and Japan: Blackburn and Jacobs 1989.

Framingham investigators provided: Anderson et al. 1987.

Most striking result: Ibid.

The NHLBI workshop: Jacobs et al. 1992. Footnote. Hulley et al. 1992.

Rifkind’s interpretation: Interview, Basil Rifkind. Cf. Jacobs et al. 1992.

“Questions should be pursued…”: Jacobs et al. 1992.

Feynman’s lectures: Feynman 1967 (“…if your bias…” and “…absolutely sure…,” 147).83 Meta-analysis: Mann 1990 provides a good review.

Cochrane Collaboration: Taubes 1996; the Cochrane Collaboration Web site (www.cochrane.org).

“reduced or modified…”: Hooper et al. 2001.