Good Calories, Bad Calories

Five-part NEJM series: Fredrickson et al. 1967a–e. 161 Four of the five lipoprotein disorders: Fredrickson et al. 1967c:149 (table 2). Warned against low-fat diets: See, for instance, Fredrickson et al. 1967b:219. “sometimes considered synonymous…”: Fredrickson et al. 1967a:273. “Patients with this syndrome…”: Lees and Wilson 1971. Footnote. Select Committee 1976:37.

HDL protection against heart disease proposed: Barr et al. 1951a and b. Confirmed: See, for instance, Nikkila 1953; Gofman et al. 1966; Levy et al. 1966.

“negative relation…”: Gordon 1988. Footnote. Gordon 1988; Interview, Tavia Gordon.

Controls from all five populations: Castelli et al. 1977. Evidence from Framingham alone: Gordon et al. 1977 (“total cholesterol per se…,” 712; “marginal,” 710).162 “striking” revelation and “Of all the lipoproteins…”: Gordon et al. 1977:707.

“fragmentary information…”: Castelli et al. 1977. See also Hulley et al. 1972.

HDL directing attention away from triglycerides: See Hulley et al. 1980.

“…greeted with a silence…”: Interview, Tavia Gordon.

“the findings re-emphasize…”: Brody 1977.

VA twenty-center trial of gemfibrozil: Rubins et al. 1999.

Lowering LDL appears more important: See, for instance, NCEP 2002:II-11.

“Whatever the underlying disorder…”: Kannel et al. 1979.

Justifying total-cholesterol measurements: Gordon 1988. “marginal risk factor”: Gordon et al. 1977:710. “powerful predictor” and “a significant contribution…”: Kannel et al. 1979. Footnote. NCEP 2002:II-1.

“lipid profile”: See, for instance, Kannel and Castelli 1979. Added little predictive power: Gordon et al. 1977:710 (table VIII).

“from a practical point of view…”: Gordon et al. 1977:712.

“In the search…”: Kannel et al. 1979.

Rarely mentioned carbohydrates: See Chait et al. 1993. Footnote. “that epidemiological studies have…”: Chait et al. 1993:3014.

Monounsaturated fats: Mattson and Grundy 1985; Grundy 1986. Keys assumed neutrality: Keys et al. 1957. Never been tested: Interview, Scott Grundy. Lyon Diet Heart Trial: Lorgeril et al. 1999. GISSI-Prevenzione: Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico 1999.

Stearic acid metabolizes to oleic: Grundy 1994. A good review of the effects of different fats on LDL and HDL cholesterol can be found in Katan et al. 1995.

“Everything should be made…”: Shapiro 2006:231. This quote may be a paraphrase of the following statement: “The supreme goal of all theory is to make the irreducible basic elements as simple and as few as possible without having to surrender the adequate representation of a single datum of experience” (see http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein).

“marginal risk factor”: Gordon et al. 1977:710. Only a few percentage points higher: Castelli et al. 1977. “If you look in the literature…”: Ibid.

AHA nutrition guidelines: Krauss et al. 1996; Krauss et al. 2000. “30-percent-fat recommendation…”: Interview, Ronald Krauss.

“this conventional notion…”:Ibid.

“blazingly obvious…”: Ibid. Footnote. Adams and Schumaker 1969; Hammond and Fisher 1971.

Krauss’s three papers: Shen et al. 1981; Krauss and Burke 1982; Teng et al. 1983. “remarkable heterogeneity…”: Interview, Ronald Krauss. 172 First report of apo B elevation in heart-disease patients: Sniderman et al. 1980. Disproportionate elevation in apo B: Teng et al. 1983.

Small, dense LDL more atherogenic: Teng et al. 1983. “little bits of sand”: Interview, Allan Sniderman. Role of oxidized LDL: Witztum and Steinberg 1991.

Pattern A and B and the atherogenic profile: Austin et al. 1988. Diabetics have identical pattern: See Chait and Bierman 1994.

Diet and the atherogenic profile: See Krauss 2005 for a recent review. “average American diet”: Interview, Ronald Krauss. The more saturated fat: Dreon et al. 1998.

Renamed atherogenic dyslipidemia: See, for instance, Grundy, Hansen, et al. 2004.

“Well, I would rather…”: Interview, Melissa Austin.

Best predictor apo B: Walldius et al. 2001. “doesn’t tell you anything…”: Interview, Goran Walldius. 175 LDL clearance and disposal mechanism: Brown and Goldstein 1985.

For an overall review of VLDL and LDL metabolism and how to increase LDL cholesterol by increasing VLDL, see Mayes and Botham 2004. See also Berneis and Krauss 2002; DeFronzo 1992.

“It’s the overproduction of VLDL…”: Interview, Ernst Schaefer.

Krauss’s model: Berneis and Krauss 2002.

“I am now convinced…”: Interview, Ronald Krauss.

Ahrens on high-carbohydrate diets in undernourished populations: Ahrens et al. 1961.

Poverty in the Mediterranean after World War II: See, for instance, Allbaugh 1953.

CHAPTER TEN:

THE ROLE OF INSULIN

Epigraph. “The suppression of inconvenient…”: Greene 1953.

Vague on “android obesity,” etc.: Vague 1956.

Gofman on the obesity/heart-disease association: Gofman and Young 1963.