Good Calories, Bad Calories

“Theories that diseases are…”: Sontag 1990:55. “playable game”: Kuhn 1970:90.

Von Noorden sought: Von Noorden 1907a:694–97.

“As long as we have…”: Interview, Kelly Brownell. “Our culture’s apparent obsession…”: Hill and Peters 1998.

“why then do we not…”: Quoted in Rony 1940:201. Footnote. Starbucks Coffee Company 2006.

Stunkard wrote: Stunkard and McClaren-Hume 1959. Mayer also ridiculed: Mayer 1955.

“Obesity is not a sin…”: Mayer 1968:165.

“Fat Americans…”: Spark 1973.

“the combination of weak will…”: Newburgh and Johnston 1930a:212. “It exists in many non-obese…”: Rony 1940:63.

Ravussin’s basal-metabolic study: Ravussin et al. 1988. The observation in infants: Roberts et al. 1988. “If obesity was only caused…”: Ravussin 1993.

“I was shocked…”: Interview, Eric Ravussin.

“revolution in thinking…”: Whalen 1950. Never embraced this conclusion: See Bruch’s comments in Anon. 1955a:123–24.

“The literature on behavior…”: Bruch and Touraine 1940:204. “Life situations”: Bruch 1940:770.

“critical re-evaluation…”: Bruch 1957:19. “The efficacy of any treatment…”: Bruch 1940:775. “When I began to work…”: Bruch 1957:150–51.

“adequately established…”: Bruch 1957:11–12.

“primary metabolic…” and “Studies of human obesity…”: Bruch 1973:32.

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN:

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

Epigraph. “The complicated mechanism…”: Rubner 1982:8.

Jean Mayer observed: See Mayer 1954:41–43. See also Mayer 1968.

“The fact remains…”: Brody 1999b.

“Let me state…”: Anon. 1955a:111.

“a plethora of calories”: MacBryde 1951:657.

“primary metabolic…”: Bruch 1973:32.

“separate recognized facts…”: Rony 1940:6.

Compared with growing children: Ibid.:47–49.

Reverse causation, pregnancy, and weight in animals: Wade and Schneider 1992.

“The statement that primary increase…”: Rony 1940:58–59.

Studies of the pre-obese: Ravussin et al. 1988; Roberts et al. 1988. See also Ravussin and Swinburn 1992.

“We cannot get away…”: Yudkin 1959.

“for most adults…”: USDHHS and USDA 2005:14. “There is only one trouble…”: Bruch 1957:25–26.

If we consume an average: Miller and Mumford 1966. “It is conceivable…”: Du Bois 1936:237.

“no stranger phenomenon…”: Ibid.:252.

Gordon Kennedy discussed: Kennedy 1961.

“multiple metabolic control mechanisms”: Cahill and Renold 1965.

Intake and expenditure as dependent variables: See, for instance, Lusk 1928: 170–74; Grafe 1933:136–46; Du Bois 1936:231–69; Kleiber 1961:266–90.

“Changes in…hormones…”: Shetty 1999. “dieting is difficult…”: Frayn 1996:245.

“usual symptoms…”: Keys, Brozek et al. 1950:884.

“spontaneous impulses…”: Rony 1940:48.

“clue to the puzzle” and “react exactly like…”: Anon. 1955a:124. Child’s growth stunted: See, for instance, Ashworth et al. 1968.

Luxuskonsumption: See Du Bois 1936:262–69 and Grafe 1933:139–46 for pre–World War II reviews. Term first used by Neumann: Neumann 1902. A modern review of Neumann’s work can be found in Bennett and Gurin 1982:79–82.

“Food in excess…” and “well within the capacity…”: Lyon and Dunlop 1932.

“The idea that people…”: Garrow 1981:53. Pigs fed low-protein diet: Miller and Payne 1962. Survival advantage: See Sims 1976. Footnote. Baxter 1976.

“thermochemical tangle…”: Rubner 1982:329. For a modern discussion of diet-induced thermogenesis, see Schutz and Jéquier 1998. Rationale for high-protein diets: See, for instance, Jolliffe 1952:48.

As the external environment changes: Rubner 1982:36,329.

Rubner argued: See Krebs 1960. Voit believed: see Du Bois 1936:236 (“impulse to…”).302 Thrifty and spendthrift metabolisms: Pennington 1953b is perhaps the best post–World War II discussion of this concept.

“total self-regulatory functions…”: Richter 1976:222.

“When well nourished…” and “a gradual lowering…”: Du Bois 1936:254–55.

“The appetite mechanism…” and “pathological changes…”: Rony 1940:203.

“Whatever may be the mechanisms…”: Lepkovsky 1948:113.

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN:

FATTENING DIETS

Epigraph. “Oversupply of food…”: French 1907:14.

Speke’s travels: Speke 1969 (“such an extent…” “…no mistake…,” 172; “another one…,” 189–90).

John Garrow attempted: Garrow 1978:70. “whenever the prospect…” “I learned that…”: Interview, John Garrow.

Fattening with milk: Speke 1969:172, 189–90. Fattening sessions of the Massa: Garine and Koppert 1991. Ritual fattening ceremonies have been documented among primitive populations throughout Africa and the South Pacific, but it’s rare that the reports actually document what was eaten. The Massa and sumo were the only two examples I found in which the composition of whose diet is reported in any detail.

Nishizawa on the sumo: Nishizawa et al. 1976. Footnote: Ibid.

Low-fat diets recommended for weight loss: See, for instance, IOM 1995:109–11; NRC 1989: 671. Evidence linking dietary fat consumption to obesity: NRC 1989:567. Footnote. Ibid.

“I could feed them…”: Interview, George Bray.

Fattening rats on fat and carbohydrates: Sclafani 1980. Fattening monkeys: Interview, Barbara Hansen.