Good Calories, Bad Calories

Vitamin C similar to glucose: Will and Byers 1996; Basu and Schlorah 1982:121. Glucose and vitamin C compete: Cunningham 1988 (“globally inhibited”); Cunningham 1998. “marked fall”: Cox et al. 1974. Footnote. Carpenter 1986: 200–204.

CHAPTER TWENTY:

UNCONVENTIONAL DIETS

Epigraphs. “Here was a treatment…”: Pennington 1954. “Does it help people…”: Brody 2002.

Liebling’s three kinds of writers: Liebling 1975:317.

Bruch’s fine-boned girl: Bruch 1957:372–73. Kuhn on process of discovery: Kuhn 1970:52–53.

Donaldson’s history: From his obituary in the New York Times, Anon. 1966; and his memoirs, Donaldson 1962 (“fat cardiacs,” 32; “the fattest meat…,” 34; “hotel portion,” 35).

Over four decades: Mackarness 1975:63–65. Patients who didn’t lose weight: Donaldson 1962 (“bread addiction,” 67; “Remember that grapefruit…,” 66; “You are out of your mind…,” 103).

Pennington heard of Donaldson: Pennington 1952.

Gehrmann and Du Pont’s industrial-medicine division: Kehoe 1960. Gehrmann was prompted: Woody 1950. Footnote. Quoted in Pennington 1951b.

“We had urged…”: Quoted in Woody 1950.

“Notable was a lack…”: Pennington 1949. “In a few cases…”: Pennington 1953c. Footnote. Pennington 1952 (“even an apple”).

Holiday magazine: Woody 1950. Harvard symposium: Barr et al. 1953 (Hegsted’s comments, 137).

Pennington in NEJM: Pennington 1953c. JAMA took the position: Anon. 1952. Lancet: Anon. 1953.

“a surprisingly large…”: Hamlyn 1953. “Pennington’s idea…”: Greene 1953. “Pennington has hardly proved…”: Anon. 1954.

Thorpe at AMA meeting: Thorpe 1957.

JAMA still insisted: Anon. 1958 (“adequate in all…,” “the most reasonable…,” “least harmful”). Footnote. See White 1962; Anon. 1973.

“The edibility…,”: Ohlson et al. 1955:173. Footnote. Ibid.

Ohlson initially tested: Cederquist et al. 1952 (“subjects reported lack…”).

“Without exception…”: Ibid.

Over a ten-year period: Ohlson et al. 1955 (“dry, uninteresting…,” “sufficient to provide…,” “uniformly,” “did not appear…,” “they also appeared…,” 185).

“can only mean that replenishment…”: Ibid.:177.

Young tested diet on women: Young 1952 (“unanimous in saying…,” “despite an unusually,” “reported that their skins…,” “No excessive fatigue…”); Young et al. 1953. Male students: Young et al. 1957 (“in every case”).

Bruch noted: Bruch 1957:353,371–76.

Leith reported: Leith 1961.

“To be honest…”: Interview, Per Björntorp. “There’s no point…”: Interview, George Bray.

“excessive fatigue…”: Cederquist et al. 1952.

“The absence of complaints…”: Wilder 1933 Bistrian and Blackburn reported: Palgi et al. 1985. “People loved it”: Interview, George Blackburn. For confirmation of the absence of hunger, see Wadden et al. 1985. Footnote. Dietz 1989.

1000 calories: Rabast et al. 1978; Rabast et al. 1979. 1,200 calories: Krehl et al. 1967. 1,320 calories: Gordon et al. 1963. 2,200 calories: Palmgren and Sjövall 1957. More than 2,700 calories: Milch et al. 1957. “encouraged to eat…”: LaRosa et al. 1980.

Comparisons with low-calorie diets: Hanssen 1936; Palmgren and Sjövall 1957; Silverstone and Lockead 1963; Peña et al. 1979 (“eat as much…”).337 Kemp’s three papers: Kemp 1963 (“One is that other…,” “a working hypothesis…,” “possible for the first time…”); Kemp 1966; Kemp 1972.

Beginning in 1956: Kemp 1972.

Atkins diet: Atkins 1972. The five adult studies: Brehm et al. 2003; Foster et al. 2003; Samaha et al. 2003; Yancy et al. 2004; Gardner et al. 2007 [the Stanford study]. The adolescent study: Sondike et al. 2003.