Good Calories, Bad Calories

Sclafani demonstrated: Sclafani 1980; interview, Anthony Sclafani.

Fattening with Crisco: Interview, Anthony Sclafani.

Seminal experiments by Adolph: Adolph 1947.

Thermodynamic evidence: See von Noorden 1907b:62–64. Flatt’s calculations: Flatt 1978. Sims and Danforth explained: Sims and Danforth 1987.

Sims’s overfeeding studies: Horton et al. 1974 (“obvious question,” 233). See also Sims et al. 1968; Sims et al. 1973; Goldman et al. 1976; Sims 1976.

Sims and Danforth believed: See Sims and Danforth 1974. “Simply stated…” and “In view of these…”: Danforth 1985:1137. See also Sims and Danforth 1987.

“plates of pork chops…”: Interview, Edward Horton. “The bottom line…”: Interview, Elliot Danforth.

“difficult assignment…”: Sims and Danforth 1974. “hunger late in the day…”: Goldman et al. 1976:176.

“marked anorexia”: Goldman et al. 1976:166.

CHAPTER NINETEEN:

REDUCING DIETS

Epigraph. “Concentrated carbohydrates…”: Reader et al. 1952.

“fad diet”: AHA 2005: front jacket flap. “In the instruction…”: Newburgh 1942:1087.

Stanford diet: Cutting 1943. Harvard diet: Williams et al. 1948. Chicago diet: Steiner 1950 (“general rules”). Cornell diet: Reader et al. 1952.

Keeping the body in nitrogen equilibrium: See, for instance, Preble 1915.

“the inclusion of…”: Campbell 1936. “All forms of bread…”: Gardiner-Hill 1925.

Lean meat meant any meat: See, for instance, Steiner 1950.

Evans’s weight-maintenance diet: Evans 1947:582.

Evans’s very low-calorie diet: Strang et al. 1930 (“composed of…”). “The secret of the success…”: Wilder 1933. “No concession…”: Evans 1953.

“The next question to decide…”: Croftan 1906.

Dunlop believed: Dunlop and Murray-Lyon 1931.

Observation echoed: Anderson 1935; Bruch 1944:361–64; Rony 1940:59–62 (“It is easier…,” 62); Williams et al. 1948. Common rationale: See, for instance, Evans and Strang 1931; Lyon and Dunlop 1931. Footnote. Sidbury and Schwartz 1975.

Evans restricted carbohydrates almost entirely: Strang et al. 1930. Newburgh concluded: Newburgh 1942:1094–95. Footnote. Strang et al. 1930.

“tendency to retain water…”: Lyon and Dunlop 1932:337. “Changes in body-weight…”: Benedict and Carpenter 1910:110–12.

First meaningful report: Hanssen 1936. Results from University Clinic: Moller 1931.

“…hungry most of the time…”: Evans 1953:132. “relatively poor…”: Hanssen 1936.

Nutritionists will insist: See, for instance, Mayer 1974b.

Carbohydrates not the only source of glucose: See, for instance, Harper 1971:249. Ketone-body levels in diabetes, etc.: Van Itallie and Nufert 2003.

Modified by Harvey and Niemeyer: Harvey 1872. By Oertel: Oertel 1895. By Ebstein: Ebstein 1884 (“the fat of ham…,” 33).

Stefannson and the Inuit: See, for instance, Stefansson 1936; Stefansson 1946; Stefansson 1960b.

“with perhaps 30 percent fish…”: Stefansson 1946:22. “not proper human food”: Stefansson 1960b:33.

Inuit paid little attention: Jenness 1959 (“…added nothing…,” 110; “no fruit…,” 191). See also Freuchen 1961:9–11, 142. “we lived upon…”: Dana 1946:251–52.

Newer Knowledge: McCollum 1922. “A safe rule of thumb…”: Pellet 1987:164.

Deficiency diseases: McCollum 1957 (“water gruel sweetened…,” 252–54; Beriberi in the Japanese navy, 188–89; Voegtlin’s experiment, 303). See also Carpenter 1986; Carpenter 2000. Guinea pigs given scurvy: Bannerjee 1945.

“protective foods”: See, for instance, McCarrison 1922.

Animal foods contain all: Harris 1985:35–36. See also Abrams 1987:231; Davidson and Passmore 1963:192–252. Footnote. Harris 1985:35–36.

“a dietery deficiency…”: Tso 1997:32.

Stefansson argued: Stefansson 1936.

Research by Louis Newburgh: Newburgh 1923; Newburgh et al. 1930. Anon 1930a; Moulton 1930; Newburgh 1931b. “easier to believe…”: Stefansson 1946:68.

In the winter: Anon. 1928.

For three weeks: Stefansson 1946:60–89; Stefansson 1936. “In every individual specimen…”: McClellan and Du Bois 1930.

Inuit and raw meat: See Mowat 1978:96. Calories and nutrients consumed: Lieb 1929.

“The only dramatic part…”: Du Bois 1946:xii. “Both men were in…”: McClellan and Du Bois 1930. The other eight articles are Lieb 1929; Lieb and Tolstoi 1929; McClellan, Rupp, et al. 1930; McClellan et al. 1931; Tolstoi 1929a; Tolstoi 1929b; Torrey 1930; Torrey and Montu 1931.

“Mr. Stefansson makes…”: Garside 1946. Du Bois’s introduction: Du Bois 1946 (“a great many dire…,” xii; “Quite evidently…,” x).

B vitamins depleted from the body: See Carpenter 2000:213–18. “…an increased need…”: Select Committee 1973b:43–44. Vitamin C in Type 2 diabetes: Will and

Byers 1996 (“biologically plausible…”). Metabolic syndrome and vitamin C: Ford et al. 2003. See also Bode 1997. My discussion of vitamin deficiencies is also based on interviews with Betti Jane Burri, Tim Byers, Kenneth Carpenter, John Cunningham, and Theodore Van Itallie.