Good Calories, Bad Calories

USDA on increases in nutrient intake: Gerrior and Bente 2001: table 1. Chart. Wright, et al. 2004. Footnote. USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion 1998.

“It appears that efforts…”: Heini and Weinsier 1997.

Lack of CDC evidence on physical activity: Interview, William Dietz, director of CDC Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity. No less active at end of 1990s: CDC 2001. $200 million a year: Lichtenstein 1972. 2005 numbers: International Health, Racquet and Sportsclub Association 2005. Footnote. Interview, Mike May, spokesman for the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association.

“exercise explosion…”: Gilmore 1977. “new fitness revolution…”: Cohn 1980.

Obesity prevalent among the poorest: Bray 1998. NHANES studies confirmed: NCHS 2005:275 (table 73). Stunkard reported: Goldblatt et al. 1965. See also Stunkard 1976a.

Obesity blamed on high-fructose corn syrup: Critser 2003:138–40; Bray et al. 2004; Pollan 2006:100–108.

“As the typical American diet…” and “If the Pima Indians could…”: NIDDK 1995:19.

Russell noted: Russell 1975 (“exhibit a degree…,” 66; Fat Louisa, 67).

“Especially well-nourished…”: Hrdlika 1908:156–57.

Pima had lived as hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists: Aldritch 1966; Audubon 1906; Bartlett 1965; Castetter and Bell 1942; Cook and Whittemore 1893; Cunningham 1996; Curtain 1949; Davis 1962; Dobyns 1978; Dobyns 1989; Eccleston 1950; Ezell 1961; Griffin 1943 (“sprightly,” “fine health,” and “the greatest abudance…,” 34); Harris 1960; Hrdlika 1906; Hrdlika 1908; Jones 1967; Rea 1983; Reid 1858; Russell 1975 (“unidentified worms,” 81; also mentioned in Audubon 1906:150); Smith et al. 1994; Spicer 1962; Spier 1978; Webb 1992.

“by way of Tucson…”: Russell 1975:30.

“the years of famine”: Smith et al. 1994:409. “entirely absorbed…”: Spicer 1962:148–50.

“Certain articles…”: Russell 1975:66. Hrdlika suggested: Hrdlika 1908:156–57.

Women worked as pack animals: Russell 1975:66.

“everything obtainable…”: Hrdlika 1906. “sugar, coffee and canned…”: Dobyns 1989:61.

Sioux diet with government rations: Jackson 1994.

According to Kraus: Kraus 1954. Hesse noted: Hesse 1959.

Over the next twenty years: Price et al. 1993. “large quantities of refined…,” “started to carry…,” and “Soda pop…”: Justice 1994:116–17.

“The only question…” Select Committee 1973a:256–57. “to some extent a result…” and “many of the poorer individuals…”: Dobyns 1989: 100–101.

Obesity in the South Dakoa Sioux: Stene and Roberts 1928. Arizona Apaches: Clifford 1963. North Carolina Cherokees: Stein et al. 1965. Oklahoma tribes: West 1981 (“Men are very fat…,” 132).240 “An overwhelming majority…”: Meriam et al. 1928. University of Chicago report: Stene and Roberts 1928.

“…visit to Czechoslovakia…”: Osancova 1975.

Obesity in African Americans in Charleston: Grant and Groom 1959. In Chile: Arteaga 1974. In Trinidad: McCarthy 1966.

In Jamaica: Richards and de Casseres 1974.

In Rarotonga: Prior 1971. Among Zulus: Slome et al. 1960. Bantu “pensioners”: Walker 1964. “Although dietary habits…”: Adadevoh 1974. For other studies of obesity in impoverished populations, see Reichley et al. 1987; Seftel et al. 1965; Haddock 1969; Johnson 1970; Tulloch 1962:72–75.

“It is difficult to explain…”: Richards and de Casseres 1974.

“different only in degree…”: Gladwell 1998.

“Such genes would be advantageous…”: Diamond 2003. “exquisitely efficient…” and “Your genes match nicely…”: Brownell and Horgen 2003:6. “are trying to find these genes…”: Gladwell 1998.

“thrifty mechanisms to defend…”: Ravussin 2005.

Neel initially proposed: Neel 1962.

Sickle-cell anemia and malaria: Rucknagel and Neel 1961.

“might have, during a period…”: Neel 1962.

“If the considerable frequency…”: Ibid.

“a relatively recent phenomenon”: Neel 1982. Russell’s disease list: Russell 1975:268. Hrdlika’s: Hrdlika 1908:182–83. Joslin concluded: Joslin 1940. The Bureau of Indian Affairs studies: Cohen 1954; Parks and Waskow 1961.

Glucose intolerance in Yanomamo: Spielman et al. 1982. “The high frequency…”: Neel 1999.

“overindulge in…”: Neel 1982.

“The data on which…”: Neel 1989. “composition of the diet…”: Neel 1999.

“To me, it would be…”: Hirsch 1978:3.

“exquisitely efficient…”: Brownell and Horgen 2003:5–6. “conditions of unpredictably alternating…”: Diamond 2003.

“paradise for hunting…”: Eaton et al. 1988:29. “conspicuously well-nourished…:” Cohen 1989:96. Footnote. Duncan and Burns 1998:89–90,150.

The !Kung study: Lee and DeVore 1968. Lee noted: Lee 1968 (“the third year…,” “some relatively abundant…,” and “have to walk…,” 39).

“levels of decay…”: Cohen 1989:86. When hunting failed: Livingstone 2001: 32–33. Resiliency of hunting and gathering: See, for instance, Lee and Devore 1968. Studies of human remains: Cohen 1989:105–42; Cohen 1987:261–85. “the worst mistake…”: Diamond 1987.

“a uniquely low occurrence…”: Diamond 2003.

Average 150-pound man: Wertheimer 1965. “Survival of the species…”: Cahill and Renold 1965.

“facile and unlikely” and “major objection…”: Rothwell and Stock 1981: 335–36.