Изобразительное искусство Алтайского края. История, современность, педагогический аспект

The needs are the driving force of any activity, they determine its nature and content. According to the hierarchy of needs by A. Maslow, for a person engaged in artistic activities, along with the basic needs, a large development get high level needs – spiritual needs: cognitive, aesthetic and self-actualization [15, p. 447]. They are characterized by a high level of personal development. Aesthetic needs motivate people to work with a position of the beautiful, from a position of moral principles. These needs are directly related to artistic creativity: the contemplation of the beautiful and implementing it into an art form by the laws of art, as well as in getting satisfied from the process of artistic activity. Human needs in self-actualization express the human desire for personal improvement, desire to achieve excellence in chosen activity, which is associated with the development of the individual’s orientation [5, p. 38].

The repletion of wants object becomes motive power and activity motive. By A. N. Leontiev definition: “The motive is objectified need, meaning the inner conscious motivation, reflecting the readiness for action” [12, p. 447]. The motives may be more or less conscious and unconscious. The main role of the person’s orientation belongs to the conscious motives, when not only the purpose and results of activity are realized, but also the reality of this goal’s fulfilment, when a person is aware of what motivates him to work. Stable motives, independent of the current situation make it possible to save personal orientation. A. K. Markova said: «… motivation of education consists of a series of motives, constantly changing and entering into a new generation with each other. Therefore, the formation of motivation is not simply an increase of the positive or deepening of the negative attitude towards education, but standing behind it the complication of the motivational sphere structure and motives it includes’ [14, p. 87]. For the full development of artistic orientation of the individual, fairly stable motives for a long time to be engaged in artistic activities with the desire to achieve certain results, are required. A specific aspect of the process to assist in professional self-determination is a transformation of the unstable external stimuli into the internal sustainable actions, motives in a situation of choice. It is completed after all with building a personal professional perspective or individual educational trajectory.

The success of any activity is associated with setting a goal and strong-willed effort to achieve it. Consciously set goals are achieved through human interaction with the environment, through the activities.

The aim of the development of artistic and creative orientation in preparation period for entry into university is to assist enrollees in the future professional development, adapting to the new conditions of learning.

2.2. Art and creative skills as the motivation of the individual to art education

The problem of the individual’s artistic orientation is inextricably intertwined to the presence and productive development of artistic abilities. B. F. Lomov explains this by saying that the person is characterized not only by the fact of what he or she wants and strives for, but the fact that he or she can [13, p. 27].

The abilities are mental qualities and properties of a man, which appear to commit a certain type of job. The ability of a particular artistic activity is a prerequisite for the implementation of this activity as a creative work. By definition of V. I. Andreev, creative abilities are “synthesis of the properties and features of the individual, characterizing the degree of compliance with the requirements of a certain kind of creative activity and causing the level of performance” [2, p. 29].

The abilities in the visual arts V. I. Kireenko associates with the peculiarities of perception for image purposes. It is the ability of holistic or synthetic vision and vivid visual memory. Holistic vision of the depicted object makes it possible to correctly determine the proportions, correctly express illumination relations of different surfaces of depicted form [7, p. 42].

V. S. Kuzin writes down to the artistic abilities the following properties:

– The properties of artistic imagination and creative thinking, ensuring the selection of the main things, the most significant and specific in the phenomena of reality, concretization and generalization of the artistic image, creating an original composition;

– Emotional attitude to the perceived and depicted phenomena;

– Volitional artist’s personality characteristics, ensuring the practical realization of creative ideas

– High sensitivity of the visual analyzer, increasing in the course of graphic activity (sense of form, sense of color, sense of proportion, line);