Английский для экономистов (учебник английского языка)

They are also involved when people are made to leave the organization, or fired. These responsibilities are referred to, relatively informally, as hiring and firing. If you leave the job voluntarily, you quit.

Middle-managers are now most often mentioned in the context of re-engineering, delaying, downsizing, or rightsizing: all these expressions describe the recent trend for companies to reduce the numbers of people they employ, often by getting rid of layers of managers from the middle of hierarchy.

An organization that has undergone this process is lean and its hierarchy is flat.

Read the text once again and in turn explain, in your own words, the meaning of the following terms:

1. workforce, employee, staff, personnel, a recruit, a hire, layer, labour.

2. white-collar, blue-collar.

3. to recruit, to employ, to hire.

4. to fire, to quit, to get rid of.

Do you know any other synonyms to the words given above?

LET’S READ AND TALK

TEXT 1 

ART OR SCIENCE? 

Management is the art and science of making appropriate choices. To one degree or another, we are all involved in managing and are constantly making decisions concerning how to spend or use our resources.

Like most things in our modern, changing world, the func–tion of management is becoming more complex. The role of the manager today is much different from what itwas one hundred years, fifty years or even twenty-five years ago. At the turn of the century, for example, the business manager's objective was to keep his company running and to make a profit. Most firms were production oriented. Few constraints affected management's decisions. Governmental agencies imposed little regulations on business. The modern manager must now consider the environment in which the organisation operates and be prepared to adopt a wider perspective. That is, the manager must have a good understanding of management principles, an appreciation of the current issues and broader objectives of the total economic poli–tical, social, and ecological system in which we live, and he must posses the ability to analyze complex problems.

The modern manager must be sensitive, and responsive tothe environment – thatis he should recognize andbe able to evaluate the needs of the total context in which his business functions, and he should act in accord with his understanding.

Modern management must posses the ability to interact in an ever-more-complex environment and to make decisions that will allocate scarce resources effectively. A major part of the manager’s job will be to predict what the environment needs and what changes will occur in the future.

Organizations exist to combine human efforts in order to achieve certain goals. Management is the process by which these human efforts are combined with each other and with material resources. Management encompasses both science and art. In design–ing and constructing plans and products, management must draw on technology and physical science, of course, and, the behavioral sciences also can contribute to management. However much you hear about «scientific management» or «management science», in handling people aid managing organizations it is necessary to draw on intuition and subjective judgment. The science por–tion of management is expanding, more and more decisions can be analyzed and programmed, particularly with mathematics. But although the artistic side of management may be declining in its proportion of the whole process it will remain central and critical portion of your future jobs. In short:

• Knowledge (science) without skill (art) is useless, or dangerous;

• Skill (art) without knowledge (science) means stagnancy and inability to pass on learning;

Like the physician, the manager is a practitioner. As the doctor draws on basic sciences of chemistry, biology, and physiology, the business executive draws on the sciences of mathematics, psychology, and sociology.

1. The function of management is becoming more complex. Why?

2. What must management possess nowadays?

3. Management encompasses both science and art. In what can we see it?

TEXT 2 

PRINCIPLES OF THE MANAGEMENT

Different scholars offer different sets of principles of management. The most famous are the following fourteen. But the main principle should be read as follows: «there is nothing rigid or absolute in management affairs, it is all a question of proportion». Accordingly if you view the following list of these principles as a set of important topics and sometimes applicable guidelines for managers, you will be keeping close to the spirit in which they were originally suggested.