Жиры против углеводов. Битва гигантов

157 Diabetes Facts and Figures; International Diabetes Foundation. Siehe http://www.idf.org/about-diabetes/facts-figures. Abgerufen am 7. Juli 2018.

158 Dabelea, D. et al., Prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to 2009. JAMA 311 (17): 1778 – 1786, 2014.

159 Dean, H./Flett, B., Natural history of type 2 diabetes diagnosed in childhood: Long term follow-up in young adult years. Diabetes 51 (s1): A24-A25, 2002.

160 Cali, A. M./Caprio, S., Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in youth: an emerging epidemic disease? Curr Pin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 15 (2): 123 – 127, 2008.

161 Le Stunff, C. et al., The insulin gene VNTR is associated with fasting insulin levels and development of juvenile obesity. Nature Genetics 26 (4): 444 – 446, 2000; Sigal, R. J. et al., Acute postchallenge hyperinsulinemia predicts weight gain: a prospective study. Diabetes 46 (6): 1025 – 1029, 1997.

162 Hansen, J. B. et al., Inhibition of insulin secretion as a new drug target in the treatment of metabolic disorders. Current Medicinal Chemistry 11 (12): 1595 – 1615, 2004; Mitri, J./Hamdy, O., Diabetes medications and body weight. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 8 (5): 573 – 584, 2009.

163 Tabák, A. G. et al., Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development. Lancet 379 (9833): 2279 – 90, 2012.

164 Suez, J. et al., Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota. Nature 514 (7521): 181 – 86, 2014.

165 Feinman, A. D. et al., Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: critical review and evidence base. Nutrition 31 (1): 1 – 13, 2015.

166 Udupa, A. et al., A comparative study of effects of omega-3 Fatty acids, alpha lipoic Acid and vitamin e in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Med Health Sci Res 3 (3): 442 – 446, 2013.

167 Samimi, M. et al., Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on insulin metabolism and lipid profiles in gestational diabetes: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Nutr. pii: S0261–5614(14)00169–1. Epub 17. Juni 2014.

168 Moosheer, S. M. et al., A protein-enriched low glycemic index diet with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation exerts beneficial effects on metabolic control in type 2 diabetes. Prim Care Diabetes 8 (4): 308 – 14, 2014.

169 Zhang, M. et al., Fish and marine omega-3 polyunsatured Fatty Acid consumption and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Endocrinol. Epub 8. September 2013.

170 Norris, J. M. et al., Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and islet autoimmunity in children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes. JAMA 298 (12): 1420 – 1428, 2007.

171 Virtanen, J. K. et al., Serum omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in men: The Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Diabetes Care 37 (1): 189 – 196, 2014.

172 Ebbeling, C. B. et al., Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance. JAMA 307 (24): 2627 – 2634, 2012.

173 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2014. Siehe http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/statsreport14/national-diabetes-report-web.pdf. Abgerufen 21. Juni 2018.

174 Worm, Nicolai, Flexi Carb, München: Riva Verlag 2016.

175 Seit einigen Jahren verwende ich zur soliden Diagnosesicherung zusätzlich das Instrument des Fatty-Liver-Index (FLI), ein Messwert der sich mit Hilfe einfacher Laborwerte aus dem Leberwert GGT in U/l, dem Triglyceridspiegel in mg/dl, dem Body-Mass-Index (BMI) sowie dem Bauchumfang berechnet. Im Internet zum Beispiel über die Webseite www.fegato.it können Sie unter FLI–Calculator den Index errechnen. Ein FLI > 60 macht das Vorliegen einer Fettleber sehr wahrscheinlich (zu 78 %). Falls Sie sich umfassender mit dem Thema beschäftigen wollen, kann ich Ihnen an dieser Stelle das Buch Schlank und gesund mit der Doc Fleck Methode, Hilden: BJV Verlag 2017 empfehlen, in dem ich diese Thematik sehr ausführlich beschreibe.

176 Hootman, J. M. et al., Updated Projected Prevalence of Self-Reported Doctor-Diagnosed Arthritis and Arthritis-Attributable Activity Limitation Among US Adults, 2015 – 2040. Arthritis&Rheumatology 68 (7): 1582 – 1587, 2016.

177 Ruskin, D. N. et al., Reduced pain and inflammation in juvenile and adult rats fed a ketogenic diet. PLoS ONE 4 (12): e8349, 2009.

178 Di Giuseppe, D. et al., Fish consumption and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a dose-response meta-analysis. Arthritis Res Ther 16 (5): 446, 2014.

179 Lee, Y. H. et al., Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis. Arch Med Res 43 (5): 356 – 62, 2012.

180 Kia, Sanam/Choy, Ernet, Update on treatment guideline in Fibromyalgia syndrome with focus on pharmacology. Biomedicines 5 (2): 20, 2017.