Russia

15. Ibid., pp. 84, 98-9. On the first Russian embassy to the Ottoman Turks, led by Pleshcheev, see A. V. Nekliudov, ed., Nachalo snoshenii Rossii s Turtsiei (Moscow, 1883).

16. Magdolna Agoston on Ivan Ill’s wax seal of 1497 in Gy Szvak, ed., Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Russia organized by the University of Budapest (Budapest, forthcoming).

17. Fennell, Ivan the Great of Moscow, pp. 37—84; Presniakov, The Formation of the Great Russian State, pp. 364-7.

18. Adapted from Crosskey’s translation of the instruction of 17 May 1503, in Crosskey, Muscovite Diplomatic Practice, pp. 292-3.

19. See G. Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy (Harmondsworth, 1965). For Russia’s early relations with Poland, the Balkan principalities and Turkey, see V. Ulianitskii, ed., Materialy 0 Rossii, Pol’shi, Moldavii, Vlachi v 14—16 st, Chteniia v obshchestve istorii i drevnostei rossiiskikh, vol. 3 (Moscow, 1887), pp. 1—24.

20. Fennell, Ivan the Great of Moscow, pp. 129, 117; instruction dated May 1493 in Crosskey, Muscovite Diplomatic Practice, p. 294.

21. N. N. Bantysh-Kamenskii, Obzor vneshnykh snoshenii Rossii (po 1800), Pt 1 (Moscow 1894), PP. 1-2; also Sinitsyn, Tretii Rim, p. 118, quoting Ivan’s instructions to his own envoy and Habsburg ambassador Herberstein’s report.

22. Fennell, Ivan the Great of Moscow, pp. 117-18.

23. Trakhaniot’s account in the Milan State Archive, see Crosskey, Muscovite Diplomatic Practice, p. 64 and n. 23 on that page.

24. P. P. Epifanov, ‘Voiska i voennaia organizatsiia’, in A. V Artsikhovskii et al., Ocherki russkoi kul’tury xvi v, vyp. 1 (Moscow, 1976), p. 344.

25. Ibid., pp. 354-5-

26. M. Khodarkovsky, Russia’s Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire 1500—1800 (Bloomington, 2002), pp. 74—8; B. Nolde, La Formation de l’Empire Russe (2 vols., Paris, 1952—3), vol. 2, p. 16.

27. K. V. Bazilevich, Vneshnaia politika russkogo tsentralizovannogo Gosudarstvva, vtoraia polovina xv veka (Moscow, 1952), pp. 16, 29—30.

28. The words of Dmitrii Gerasimov, interpreter to the mission, in A. V. Kartashev, Ocherkipo istorii russkoi tserkvi (2 vols., Moscow, 1992), vol. 2, p. 7.

29. On the burning of Kobyle, Fennell, Ivan the Great of Moscow, p. 70; on the war of 1501, see E. Christiansen, The Northern Crusades (London, 1997), pp. 255-7.

30. J. Tazbir, Poland as the Rampart of Christian Europe (Warsaw, n.d.), p. 32.

31. See M. Poe, Foreign Descriptions of Muscovy: An Analytic Bibliography of Primary and Secondary Sources (Columbus, Ohio, 1995), p. 11.

32. Fennell, Ivan the Great of Moscow, pp. 325—6.

33. Crummey, The Formation of Muscovy, pp. 134-5.

34. Mouravieff, The Church of Russia.

35. On the Kuritsyns’ careers, S. B. Veselovskii, D’iaki i pod’iachie xv-xvii vv (Moscow, 1975), pp. 278-80.

36. Crummey, The Formation of Muscovy, p. 87 and the maps in Bazilevich, Vneshnaia politika russkogo tsentralizovannogo Gosudarstvva, vtoraia polovina xv veka; on Dolmatov, Veselovskii, D’iaki i pod’iachie xv-xvii vv, pp. 155—6.

37. Pickhan, ‘The incorporation of Gospodin Pskov’.

38. Sinitsyn, Tretii Rim, pp. 215-20.

39. M. Rywkin, ed., Russian Colonial Expansion to 1917 (London, 1988).

40. Skrynnikov, Gosudarstvo i tserkov’ na Rusi xiv-xvi vv, p. 362.

41. S. von Herberstein, Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii (Vienna, 1549). On the significance of Russians shaving off their beards, see Cornelia Soldat’s and others’ contributions of 2 February 2003 to Sergei Bogatyrev’s e-mail site sergei-bogatyrev@helsinki.fi.

5: IVAN IV AND THE FIRST IMPERIAL EXPANSION