Russia

20. Among the most useful contributions to the huge literature on the oprichnina are S. B. Veselovskii, Isledovaniia po istorii oprichniny (Moscow, 1963), esp. here pp. 133ff., and Zimin, Reformy Ivana Groznogo. My account also draws on Fiona’s Ivan Groznyi. It is worth noting that Vipper, the leading apologist for Ivan, was an anti-Bolshevik who fled Russia at the Revolution and consented to return only at the approach of war in 1941.

21. See I. Pryzhkov, Istoriia kabakov v Rossii (Moscow, 1991). On the origins of the commune, see R. E. F. Smith, Peasant Farming in Muscovy (Cambridge, 1977).

22. Floria, Ivan Groznyi, pp. 172f, 168ff.

23. Ibid., p. 179.

24. This is argued by Janet Martin in her Medieval Russia 980—1584 (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 347-8.

25. That the Duma (the Russian word for ‘council’) was a formalized institution at this stage is a construct of historians who assume too much.

26. Floria, Ivan Groznyi, p. 393.

27. Adapted from J. L. I. Fennell’s translation of Ivan’s letter of 1564 in his The Correspondence between Prince A. M. Kurbsky and Tsar Ivan IV of Russia 1564-1579 (Cambridge, 1955).

28. Floria, Ivan Groznyi, pp. 393—4.

29. S. B. Veselovskii, Trudy po istochnikovedenii i istorii Rossii v periode feodalzma (Moscow, 1978), p. 153.

30. See Dvorkin, Ivan the Terrible as a Religious Type, p. 105. Chapter 8 of this work, which draws on recent as well as older scholarship, is helpful on the oprichnina.

31. Floria, Ivan Groznyi, pp. 233—43.

32. E. Chistiakova, ed., N. Rogozhin, compiler, et al., (Oko vsei velikoi Rossii’: ob istorii rossiiskoi diplomaticheskoi sluzhby xvi—xvii vekov (Moscow, 1989), pp. 54ff.

33. See the contributions of D. Kayser, J. Kollman and others to the Marshall Poe web site www.people.fas.harvard.edu for June 2001, etc.

34. A. A. Zimin, V kanun groznykh potriasenii: predposylki pervoi krest’ianskoi voiny v Rossii (Moscow, 1986), p. 5.

35. ‘The Testament of Ivan IV, the Terrible’, in Howes, ed., Testaments of the Grand Princes of Moscow, p. 307-8.

6: THE CRASH

1. See Zimin, V kanun groznykh potriasenii.

2. Chistiakova, Rogozhin et al., ‘Oko vsei velikoi Rossii’, pp. 71ff. Vasilii Shchelkalov took charge of the Foreign Office on his brother’s death.

3. See W. E. D. Allen, ed., Russian Embassies to the Georgian Kings (1589-1605) (2 vols., Cambridge, 1970), vol. 1, p. 60.

4. Zimin, V kanun groznykh potriasenii, p. 237.

5. M. Raeff, Siberia and the Reforms of 1822 (Seattle, 1956), p. xiv.

6. On frontier defences, see Khodarkovsky, Russia’s Steppe Frontier, pp. 131ff. passim.

7. Hakluyt, Voyages, vol. 3, p. 384.

8. V. Klein, Uglichskoesledstvennoe delo i smerti Tsarevicha Dmitriia (Moscow, 1913), and Veselovskii, Trudy po istochnikovedenii i istorii Rossii v periode feodalzma, pp. 156-89. See also R. G. Skrynnikov, Boris Godunov (Moscow, 1979), pp. 67-84.

9. For the Romanovs’ role in promoting, and exploiting, the cult, see A. Kleimola, ‘The Romanovs and the cult of the Tsarevich Dmitrii’, in Religiia i tserkov’ v kul’turno-istoricheskom razvitiei russkogo severa (Kirov, 1996), pp. 230-3.

10. On Boris himself, apart from Skrynnikov, Boris Godunov, see Chester Dunning’s compendious history of the Time of Troubles, Russia’s First Civil War: The Time of Troubles and the Founding of the Romanov Dynasty (University Park, Penn., 2001), pp. 9iff. and passim.

11. Nolde, La Formation de l’Empire Russe, vol. 2, p. 317.

12. Allen, ed., Russian Embassies to the Georgian Kings, vol. 1, pp. 87ff. for translations of the diplomatic record; the preceding introduction for the background, and the apparatus in vol. 2 for explanations of people, places etc. The list quoted appears in the embassy’s instructions: vol. 1, p. 98.