Russia

1. See the account in the Nikon Chronicle as translated by Vernadsky et al., Source Book, vol. 1, pp. 133-4. Ivan’s legitimacy was to be reinforced by a charter issued by the Patriarch of Constantinople in 1561, which traced Ivan’s descent through Monomakh’s sister Anna to Constantine the Great, asserting his legitimacy by ‘lineage and blood’. The genetic association was, however, a political fiction. See ibid., p. 171.

2. See Poe, Foreign Descriptions of Muscovy, pp. 12-13; R- Frost, The Northern Wars 1558-1721 (London, 2000), pp. 78-80, 91; P. Longworth, ‘Russia and the Antemurale Christianitads’, in Gy. Szvak, ed., The Place of Russia in Europe (Budapest, 1999). See also a paper warning of the danger to central Europe if Russia should become strongly entrenched along the southern shoreline of the Baltic: G. V. Forsten, Akty i pis’’ma k istorii Baltiiskogo voprosa v xvi i xvii stoletiakh (St Petersburg, 1889), pp. 14-28.

3. See the contrasting views of R. Hellie, ‘What happened? How did he get away with it? Ivan Groznyi’s paranoia and the problem of institutional restraints’, Russian History, 14 (1987), 199-224; A. A. Zimin, Reformy Ivana Groznogo (Moscow, i960), R. Skrynnikov, Ivan Groznyi (Moscow, 1980), and A. Dvorkin, Ivan the Terrible as a Religious Type (Erlangen, 1992).

4. Nikon Chronicle excerpted in Vernadsky et al., Source Book, vol. 1, p. 133.

5. See B. Floria, Ivan Groznyi (Moscow, 1999), p. 17. Tales about the infant Ivan pulling the wings off a butterfly resemble (and are probably of the same German provenance) as the tales of Dracula - see M. Cazacu, L’Histoire du Prince Dracula en Europe Centrale et Orientale (Geneva, 1998).

6. For Moscow’s dealings with the various Mongol factions see Khodarkovsky, Russia’s Steppe Frontier, pp. 106-11. For the implications for further southward expansion see C. Lemercier-Quelquejoy, ‘Co-optation of the elites of Kabarda and Daghestan in the sixteenth century’, in M. Bennigsen Broxup, ed., The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance towards the Muslim World (London, 1992), pp. 18-42.

7. Communication from Jukka Korpela posted on M. Poe site, 29 March 2000.

8. R. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation (12 vols., Glasgow, 1908), vol. 3, p. 384.

9. Nolde, La Formation de l’Empire Russe, vol. 1, pp. 77-8.

10. J. Martin, ‘Peculiarities of the pomest’e system’, in Gy Szvak, ed., Muscovy: Peculiarities of its Development (Budapest, 2003), pp. 76—87.

11. See Floria, Ivan Groznyi. Also Khodarkovsky, Russia’s Steppe Frontier, pp. 102-45.

12. Nolde, La Formation de l’Empire Russe, vol. 2, pp. 303-5.

13. Bantysh-Kamenskii, Obzor vneshnykh snoshenii Rossii (po 1800), Pt 1, vol. 1, pp. 9-7.

14. A. Kappeler, Russland als Vielvölkerreich (Munich, 1992), p. 43; and see ch. 8 below.

15. Vernadsky et al., Source Book, vol. 1, 1972, p. 142; B. Rudakov, Entsiklopedicheskii slovar’, vol. 3 (St Petersburg, 1900), pp. 803-5; Nolde, La Formation de l’Empire Russe, vol. 1, pp. 132-3.

16. For translations of the basic Russian account, see T. Armstrong, ed., Yermak’s Campaign in Siberia (London, 1975), and W. Coxe, Account of the Russian Discoveries between Asia and America (4th edn, London, 1803), pp. 418ff.

17. E. Winter, Russland und das Papstum (Berlin, 1960), p. 179; Longworth, ‘Russia and the Antemurale Christianitatis’; on England, see S. Baron, Muscovite Russia (London, 1980), Essay III, pp. 42-63; also M. Anderson, Britain’s Discovery of Russia (London, 1958).

18. See Frost, The Northern Wars, pp. 24 and 77. Russia’s administrative policy in Livonia has been examined by N. Angermann, Studien zur Livlandpolitik Ivan Groznyjs (Marburg, 1972); see particularly pp. 25ff.

19. The Russian Invasion of Poland in 1563 — a translation by J. C. H[otten] of Memorabilis et perinde stupenda de crudeli Moscovitarum Expeditione narratio (Douai, n.d.).